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| NPN transistors |
| Code |
Structure |
Case style |
IC max. |
VCE max. |
hFE min. |
Ptot max. |
Category (typical use) |
Possible substitutes |
| BC107 |
NPN |
TO18 |
100mA |
45V |
110 |
300mW |
Audio, low power |
BC182 BC547 |
| BC108 |
NPN |
TO18 |
100mA |
20V |
110 |
300mW |
General purpose, low power |
BC108C BC183 BC548 |
| BC108C |
NPN |
TO18 |
100mA |
20V |
420 |
600mW |
General purpose, low power |
|
| BC109 |
NPN |
TO18 |
200mA |
20V |
200 |
300mW |
Audio (low noise), low power |
BC184 BC549 |
| BC182 |
NPN |
TO92C |
100mA |
50V |
100 |
350mW |
General purpose, low power |
BC107 BC182L |
| BC182L |
NPN |
TO92A |
100mA |
50V |
100 |
350mW |
General purpose, low power |
BC107 BC182 |
| BC547B |
NPN |
TO92C |
100mA |
45V |
200 |
500mW |
Audio, low power |
BC107B |
| BC548B |
NPN |
TO92C |
100mA |
30V |
220 |
500mW |
General purpose, low power |
BC108B |
| BC549B |
NPN |
TO92C |
100mA |
30V |
240 |
625mW |
Audio (low noise), low power |
BC109 |
| 2N3053 |
NPN |
TO39 |
700mA |
40V |
50 |
500mW |
General purpose, low power |
BFY51 |
| BFY51 |
NPN |
TO39 |
1A |
30V |
40 |
800mW |
General purpose, medium power |
BC639 |
| BC639 |
NPN |
TO92A |
1A |
80V |
40 |
800mW |
General purpose, medium power |
BFY51 |
| TIP29A |
NPN |
TO220 |
1A |
60V |
40 |
30W |
General purpose, high power |
|
| TIP31A |
NPN |
TO220 |
3A |
60V |
10 |
40W |
General purpose, high power |
TIP31C TIP41A |
| TIP31C |
NPN |
TO220 |
3A |
100V |
10 |
40W |
General purpose, high power |
TIP31A TIP41A |
| TIP41A |
NPN |
TO220 |
6A |
60V |
15 |
65W |
General purpose, high power |
|
| 2N3055 |
NPN |
TO3 |
15A |
60V |
20 |
117W |
General purpose, high power |
|
| Please note: the data in this table was compiled from several sources which are not entirely consistent! Most of the discrepancies are minor, but please consult information from your supplier if you require precise data. |
| PNP transistors |
| Code |
Structure |
Case style |
IC max. |
VCE max. |
hFE min. |
Ptot max. |
Category (typical use) |
Possible substitutes |
| BC177 |
PNP |
TO18 |
100mA |
45V |
125 |
300mW |
Audio, low power |
BC477 |
| BC178 |
PNP |
TO18 |
200mA |
25V |
120 |
600mW |
General purpose, low power |
BC478 |
| BC179 |
PNP |
TO18 |
200mA |
20V |
180 |
600mW |
Audio (low noise), low power |
|
| BC477 |
PNP |
TO18 |
150mA |
80V |
125 |
360mW |
Audio, low power |
BC177 |
| BC478 |
PNP |
TO18 |
150mA |
40V |
125 |
360mW |
General purpose, low power |
BC178 |
| TIP32A |
PNP |
TO220 |
3A |
60V |
25 |
40W |
General purpose, high power |
TIP32C |
| TIP32C |
PNP |
TO220 |
3A |
100V |
10 |
40W |
General purpose, high power |
TIP32A |
| Please note: the data in this table was compiled from several sources which are not entirely consistent! Most of the discrepancies are minor, but please consult information from your supplier if you require precise data. |
Darlington pair
This is two transistors connected together so that the amplified current from the first is amplified further by the second transistor. This gives the Darlington pair a very high current gain such as 10000. Darlington pairs are sold as complete packages containing the two transistors. They have three leads (B, C and E) which are equivalent to the leads of a standard individual transistor.
You can make up your own Darlington pair from two transistors. For example:
- For TR1 use BC548B with hFE1 = 220.
- For TR2 use BC639 with hFE2 = 40.
The overall gain of this pair is hFE1 × hFE2 = 220 × 40 = 8800. The pair's maximum collector current IC(max) is the same as TR2.
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